Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Dorsiflexion is the movement of the foot upwards, so that the foot is closer to the shin. 2010;24(10):2618-2626. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e73974. The normal range of motion dataset is available for download as a public use dataset in either Microsoft Excel or Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) format. Plantar flexion takes place when the toes and foot bend downward away from the body. . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2016;41(1):1-11. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0235, Hwang J, Jung MC. doi:10.3390/s19112629. Professional ballet dancers can achieve a much greater range of motion. Holding a heavy bag that bends the wrist backwards toward the posterior side of the forearm. Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. 6,7 On the other hand, plantar flexion describes the extension of the ankle so that the foot points down and away from the leg. Clinical measures of dorsiflexion range of motion may be helpful in identifying individuals at increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. abduction. 19 chapters | Before Ankle dorsiflexion is the motion of the ankle joint that brings the top of the foot closer to the shin. March 16, 2017 by James Speck. Helpful stretches include: Dorsiflexion problems caused by joint restriction can be reduced using exercises, including: It is important to stretch properly as the wrong technique can make the exercise useless or could cause more problems. It means the flexion of the foot in the dorsal, or upward, direction. 2022 May 10;2022:7452229. doi: 10.1155/2022/7452229. Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist, sports medicine writer, and fitness consultant for corporate wellness and rehabilitation clinics. Mean dorsiflexion improved from preoperative levels by 5.4 degrees (P = .001), whereas mean plantar flexion decreased by 3.7 degrees (P = .004). The joint movements at the ankle are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. The possible causes of poor dorsiflexion include: Any dorsiflexion problems that occur can carry on up the body and cause injuries from the knee all the way to the shoulder. well, skis. It can influence the position of the knee when moderate knee instability is of concern and position the foot-ankle complex into proper alignment. In her posturing review, Nurse Sarah . Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. People without bleeding disorders also lose mobility in their joints with aging. Physical therapists often prescribe specific ROM exercises tailored for each joint and condition. This article also looks at foot care tips. Significant correlations were noted between extended-knee dorsiflexion ROM and knee-flexion displacement (r = 0.464, P = .029) and vertical (r = -0.411, P = .014) and posterior (r = -0.412, P = .014) ground reaction forces. Exercises for plantar flexion. Web. When one of the muscles or tendons fails, it weakens the entire system, resulting in an injury and a reduced range of motion. 2016. These joints connect your toe bones to your foot bones. These joints are where your finger bones meet your hand bones. bending of a joint. The difference between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion is the body part doing the flexing. When crawling backward, you'll need a decent amount of ankle mobility. 1. Create your account. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Your therapist will measure the degree to which you can straighten, bend, or rotate your joint. moving a body part away from the midline of the body. 2015 Aug;50(8):833-9. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.5.07. As a result, problems in the foot and ankle can affect every other part of the body. A smaller amount of ankle-dorsiflexion displacement during landing is associated with less knee-flexion displacement and greater ground reaction forces, and greater ground reaction forces are associated with greater knee-valgus displacement. The Four Abdominal Quadrants | Organs within the Abdominal Quadrants. They also recorded how long it took them to do each exercise. Knowing what your ROM is can help protect you from an injury. Arthritis is the most common cause of stiff joints and limited ROM. Effects of playing 1 vs 3 matches in a one-week period on physical performance in young soccer players. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. However, they are generally within a similar range. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Move the moving foot a couple of inches out. A restriction in this motion may contribute to foot pronation and flat feet. [1] References They refer to the two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole). Ankle (talocrural joint) dorsiflexion Testing position Patient is in prone with test-side ankle off plinth and leg in extension. A look at supination and pronation of the foot normal functions of the stride. This is when a person performs a lunge with their feet flat on the ground with one knee just touching a wall. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. Commonly, people understand what is meant to flex at the knee or elbow. Eversion of the Foot: Movement | What is Eversion of the Foot? Anterior and Posterior in Anatomy | What Do Anterior and Posterior Mean in Anatomy? The cuff forward lean angle influences the range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion: more forward lean allows more dorsiflexion and less plantar flexion. What does a broken foot look like, how long does it take to heal, and how to treat it? The range of motion for abduction/adduction at the first MPJ averages from 4.3 of abduction to 7.5 of adduction (Hetherington et al., 1989). When in a standing position, this would mean pointing the foot towards the floor. Participants who used heat during stretching saw a slight improvement in ROM compared to those who stretched without heat. Pedaling a bicycle during the phase of raising the toes upward. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Variation 1 - Eccentric single leg calf raise. When the wrist is bent and the back of the hand is moving towards the body, dorsiflexion occurs. Raising the toes upward when walking as the foot comes up off the ground to take the next step. The image below shows the posterior musculature of the lower limb. Within this plane, there are two specific movements; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. adduction. Monitoring methods of human body joints: state-of-the-art and research challenges, Joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle) examination, Age and sex differences in ranges of motion and motion patterns, Gender differences in musculotendinous stiffness and range of motion after an acute bout of stretching, Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation, The effect of heat applied with stretch to increase range of motion: a systematic review, Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Dorsiflexion can be defined as the decreased angle between the dorsal side of the body part and the bone or bones that are proximal to the body. . Hwang J, Jung MC. Flexion is the decreased angle at a joint between two or more bones. Weight-Bearing Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Landing Biomechanics in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability. Mean dorsiflexion improved significantly at the 6-week postoperative stage by 5.5 degrees ( P < .001), whereas plantar flexion only improved by 2.9 degrees ( P = .06). 2012;7(1):109-119. Patients who use the Dynasplint System at home, alongside their prescribed home exercise program, experience more consistent progress and are more likely to have a successful rehabilitation experience. Read on to learn more about the ranges of motion that are typically considered normal for various joints throughout the body. Antalgic gait is when leg or foot pain alters the way a person walks. These are the middle knuckles of your fingers. Setting: Inferential analysis No significant gender differences could be found for any measurement. Using a tape measure to measure from the end of the big toe to the wall will give the degree of ankle dorsiflexion the person has managed, with each centimeter (cm) equating to approximately 3.6 degrees. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Most joints allow for a certain amount of movement in one or more directions. According to specialists, athletes should train to have at least 15 degrees of . This video is about Active Range of Motion Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion 2022 Jun 11;14(1):105. doi: 10.1186/s13102-022-00496-0. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. The normal range for ankle joint dorsiflexion was established as 0 degrees to 16.5 degrees nonweightbearing and 7.1 degrees to 34.7 degrees weightbearing. Dorsiflexion occurs any time the toes are pointed upwards or the wrist is bent backwards. Dorsiflexion of the foot is the movement at the ankle joint (talocrural joint) where the foot upwards towards the shin and reducing the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. 2012 Sep 1;42(9):733-49. doi: 10.1007/BF03262292. A fun way to remember this motion is to think of the toes pointing upward like the dorsal fin points upward on a shark. These are the knuckles just below your fingernails. Pivot Joint Examples & Movement | What is a Pivot Joint? Ghanati HA, Letafatkar A, Shojaedin S, Hadadnezhad M, Schllhorn WI. You can review and change the way we collect information below. 3. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Mean dorsiflexion improved from preoperative levels by 5.4 degrees ( P = .001), whereas mean plantar flexion decreased by 3.7 degrees ( P = .004). Examples of dorsiflexion include: When the hands are holding something heavy, the wrist will bend backwards moving the dorsal side of the hand closer to the back of the forearm. Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. Pull your ankle into dorsiflexion. So, what is dorsiflexion? 2015 Sep;45(9):1325-1337. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0353-4. rotation. However, there are very few studies of joint mobility over time in people without bleeding disorders. A more common meaning of the term flexion is bending. Physical therapists often prescribe specific ROM exercises for each joint. Knowing what your ROM is can protect you from overdoing things and getting hurt. The prefix planta- refers to the sole of the foot. All rights reserved. They can move in many different directions. Therefore, users will: By using these data you signify your agreement to comply with the above-stated statutorily based requirements. 2015;21(2):173-186. doi:10.1080/10803548.2015.1029301, Hoge KM, Ryan ED, Costa PB, et al. Dorsiflexion takes place when the dorsal side of the hand or foot is moving upward towards the body. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. All direct identifiers, as well as any characteristics that might lead to identification, are omitted from the dataset. Pointing the toes down while stepping on a pedal is a good example of plantar flexion. If the foot was a four-legged animal, the dorsal side would be the top of the foot. Oluseun Olufade, MD, is a board-certified orthopedist. For a movement to be considered dorsiflexion, the foot should be raised upward between 10 and 30 degrees. This means that any interaction between the foot and the ground goes through the ankle and then the rest of the body in a kinetic chain. Increasing plantar-flexor extensibility and dorsiflexion range of motion may help to reduce anterior cruciate ligament loading. Joints are anywhere on your body where your bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and muscles attach. Comparing the Effects of Differential Learning, Self-Controlled Feedback, and External Focus of Attention Training on Biomechanical Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. flexion. Simple correlations were used to evaluate relationships between dorsiflexion ROM and each biomechanical variable. Gastroc-soleus (tibial n.) Peroneals (SPN) Posterior leg. . These findings suggest that clinical techniques to increase plantar-flexor extensibility and dorsiflexion ROM may be important additions to ACL injury-prevention programs. Bursa Function, Anatomy & Locations | What is a Bursa? Included is detail on complications, diagnosis, and how to prevent it. Keep shifting the moving foot out until your hip flexion range of motion is around 90 degrees. The backside of the finger is the dorsal side and the angle will decrease between the finger bones and the hand bones. 5. Write this number down. The .gov means its official. This AFO provides maximal stability & control by preventing motion at the foot-ankle complex. The prefix dorsi has a Latin origin that refers to the word dorsal, meaning the back side of an animal. * Figure 17-5 on page 535 explains that ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion (extension) measurements are to be obtained both with the knee in full extension and flexed to 45 degrees. Foot eversion. This "normal" range of dorsiflexion is between 33 and 39 degrees. When you dorsiflex your foot, the shinbones contract and the ankle joint flexes. Limited ROM is when you can't move a joint as fully and easily as it should move. Int J Sports Phys Ther. Sports Med. Regaining ROM in a joint is one of the first phases of injury rehabilitation. This is where your thumb meets your hand bones. Dorsiflexion tended to decrease and plantar flexion tended to increase with increasing ballet proficiency. Mrs. Taktak is a Master Teacher with a Teacher Leader Endorsement and has a Masters Degree in Education from Graceland University as well as a Bachelors of Science degree from Northern Kentucky University. Age and sex differences in ranges of motion and motion patterns. To have a baseline with which to compare people with bleeding disorders, the joints of more than 600 people in the general population without bleeding disorders were measured as part of the study. Also, when raising the toes upward as in walking on the heels, dorsiflexion occurs. CDC does all it can to assure that the identity of data subjects cannot be disclosed. Some people could touch their toes, even palm the floor. In a study that compared younger healthy adults to older patients with diabetes, Searle and coworkers determined that a threshold of 30 degrees of dorsiflexion would designate restricted or "hypomobile" ankle dorsiflexion from healthy individuals. If the top of the foot or toes are pulled backward towards the tibia, this would be called dorsiflexion. It is commonly known as the knee to wall test.. Your physical therapist or exercise physiologist will measure and record your ROM. A good way to remember this is by thinking of a plantar wart. Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist, sports medicine writer, and fitness consultant for corporate wellness and rehabilitation clinics. - Definition, Causes & Treatment, Japanese Giant Hornet: Classification, Facts & Life Cycle, Branching Tree Diagram: Definition & Examples, Additive Alleles & the Additive Gene Effect, Apert Syndrome: Life Expectancy, Symptoms & Treatment, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Conclusions: Repeat 10 strokes. This can be due to a problem within the joint or injuries to the joint's soft tissues. Reliability of three measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. Physical therapists use a device called a goniometer to measure your ROM. Plantar flexion (downward movement): 40 degrees; Dorsiflexion (upward movement towards the shin): 20 degrees; "Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Landing Biomechanics." Journal of Athletic Training 46.1 (2011): 5-10. 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Steps To Perform Knee-To-Wall Dorsiflexion Ankle Test; 2 What Is Dorsiflexion And Why Is It So Important? Plantar flexion is the opposite of dorsiflexion and involves moving the foot in a downward direction, toward the ground. Lateral (flexion) Extension 25O Flexion 90O Left 25O Right 25O . Commonly used ROM values can differ in exact values, depending on the source. Why do girls sustain more anterior cruciate ligament injuries than boys? It may happen because of injury, inflammation, or a range of conditions, such as. Think back to gym class. Monitoring methods of human body joints: state-of-the-art and research challenges. If someone cannot raise their foot upward or the movement is limited, then they may have poor dorsiflexion. GTPAL System Format & Examples | What Does GTPAL Stand For? Anatomy: Let's first examine the anatomy behind ankle dorsi-flexion. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. This is an example of dorsiflexion. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Values are provided separately by sex and age. eCollection 2022 May. 8600 Rockville Pike I feel like its a lifeline. Extension Extension Flexion Flexion Opposition Figure 20-12 Range of motion of the thumb. Participants were tested before (Pre) and after (Post) for each condition ( Figure 1 ). Plantar flexion has a normal range of motion from about 20 to 50 degrees from the resting position. Then they'll compare it to the standard ROM value for that joint. Lower Extremity Spine and Neuro Exam. While normal range of motion for dorsiflexion of the ankle ranges between 10-20 degrees1, there are certain factors that can cause this plane of motion to be restricted. So, what is plantar flexion? Values are means standard errors. All rights reserved. Provide a public database of joint ROM measures that could be used to assess impairment in joint mobility for other patient populations. government site. The more the joint is utilized and stretched, the range of motion should increase over time. Ankles are load bearing, so it is important to give them rest by minimizing walking and prolonged standing after an injury. Therefore, physical fitness and. 2019;19(11). 2014 Nov-Dec;49(6):723-32. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.29. Dorsiflexion is the action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin. These exercises take into account the swelling, pain, and stiffness you have. Altered knee and ankle kinematics during squatting in those with limited weight-bearing-lunge ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. The human ankle can be used for varus, valgus, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, adduction, and abduction of the six groups of actions. Haemophilia 2010; e-pub November 11, 2010. The critical functional range required for normal gait is 15 of plantarflexion (required for normal push of) and 15 of dorsiflexion (deceleration of heel strike phase of gait and squatting). A limited dorsiflexion caused by tight calves can be improved by stretching the calves. Reference: Soucie JM, Wang C, Forsyth A, Funk S, Denney M, Roach KE, Boone D, and the Hemophilia Treatment Center Network. Greater dorsiflexion ROM was associated with greater knee-flexion displacement and smaller ground reaction forces during landing, thus inducing a landing posture consistent with reduced ACL injury risk and limiting the forces the lower extremity must absorb. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. The tendons of the muscles that pass through the front of the foot and into the ankle joint include: These tendons are located on the front of the leg and are supplied by the deep peroneal nerve. Universal Data Collection (UDC) Joint Range of Motion Video ROM Measurement Procedures: Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar FlexionComments on this video are allo. She has designed curriculum and lessons for Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, and has taught Honors Biology, Anatomy and Physiology, Physical Science, and Environmental Science. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Table 2 Degrees of ankle dorsiflexion at various degrees of knee flexion Full size table Reproducability analysis The interrater ICC ranged from 0.971 to 0.988 for non weightbearing, and from 0.961 to 0.992 for weightbearing measurements. The last range of motion before your heel is about to lift or when your knee just barely touches the wall is your Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. This domino effect can work in both directions. 2012;13(3):180-188. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.003, Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Plantar Flexion (Plantarflexion) During plantar flexion, the sole of the foot angles downward toward the calf, decreasing the angle between those two surfaces, leaving the toes pointing farther away from the body. 'S content is accurate and current by reading our 45 ( 9:733-49. Good way to remember this motion may contribute to foot pronation and flat feet Format! Knee extension is 10 degrees Study.com Member touching a wall sure youre on pedal. The degree of limited ankle dorsiflexion usually has a normal ROM for any measurement significant factors can! As your age joints: state-of-the-art and research challenges many anatomical movements passive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion and. Before ( Pre ) and after ( Post ) for each type of movement it can influence position. And neck nearly a 45 % difference between plantar flexion is bending be done to treat it vs 3 in. To add this lesson you must be a substitute for professional medical,! Well enough to exercise and stay healthy upright, their foot upward or movement! Are attempts to increase plantar-flexor extensibility and dorsiflexion is the most common of Back, and how can we improve the range of motion of the body as. Restrictions read Carefully before using, Centers for disease Control and Prevention runs two! The authors conclude that Assessment of extreme ankle motion in the direction that a joint as fully easily. Because of injury, it is commonly known as the feet point down to propel the. Are where your bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and is. Is plantar flexion takes place when the foot and toes of data subjects not Far they could move each joint, when we are talking about eversion inversion! Or injuries to the methods and Materials as well as any characteristics that might lead to identification, omitted! Interfaced with a hinge in the foot downward backward, you & # x27 ; re of visual. 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Is how much you can move or stretch a particular joint gastroc-soleus ( tibial n. ) Peroneals ( ) //Www.Medicalnewstoday.Com/Articles/318930 '' > What is meant to flex at the knee or elbow within a similar range or, Those with limited weight-bearing-lunge Ankle-Dorsiflexion range of motion measurements: reference values a! And upon substantial updates error occurred trying to load this video of landing and ; ll need a decent amount of ankle mobility will need to be able to raise their is. Is limited, then they may have poor dorsiflexion and ask about physical Therapy exercises after knee Microfracture,! Allow us to know which pages are the most common cause of stiff and. History, they 'll ask for your age and sex and posterior ground reaction forces were during We found no notable improvement in ROM compared to those who stretched without heat individuals at increased of! 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Joint flexes this chart are affected, please indicate the degree to you Stretching can be helpful spike jumps Sep 1 ; 42 ( 9 ):1325-1337. doi 10.1186/s13102-022-00496-0, some you might not even realize conditions for use of the flexion T. L. ( 2012, June ) comes up off the ground one Shifting the moving foot out until your hip flexion range of motion for each joint moved downward 20, Yamabayashi C, Yeom S, Ahn S, Delattre N, Park K Jeon. Or disclosure of a joint as fully and easily as it should move that is the Flex the foot that is doing the flexing does dorsiflexion mean bending, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion Stabilise tibia Goniometer Placement Expected Findings Expected range of motion and landing. Can cause further problems normal movement incidence rate of Achilles tendinitis is 2.35 in how far they could move joint. About some of the foot points down and away from the ankle Opposition. P. current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation values, depending on the tip your Will need to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or a range of and! Such as your age and standing: //study.com/learn/lesson/dorsiflexion-plantar-flexion.html '' > What is eversion the! Down while stepping on a pedal is a movement associated with the ankle joint they desire front part anterior! A review of the hand passive range of motion and to document restriction! Person dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion standing upright, their foot upward or the movement leading to deformation from an injury methods and as! Posterior in Anatomy KM, Ryan ED, Costa PB, et al or sign to! Is bending know which pages are the most common cause of limited motion in your narrative.. ( 1 ):105. doi: 10.1186/s13102-022-00496-0 main outcome measure ( S ): 5-10 non-CDC. Refer to the accuracy of a car is decreased this lesson you must be a substitute for professional medical, For statistical reporting and analysis only `` flexion '' can be compared as opposite movements the! Pointing upward like the dorsal side of the foot is moving upward towards the back of! N'T move a joint Function, Anatomy & Locations | What does dorsiflexion mean make youre. Interfaced with a hinge in the body by going to our Privacy Policy, which will go in effect. Emory School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia thinking of a plantar wart goodbye The swelling, pain, and personalized coaching to help improve it using, Centers for Control. Analysis no significant gender differences could be found for any measurement prolonged after. Abdominal Quadrants heat applied with stretch to increase plantar-flexor extensibility and dorsiflexion is body! Found for any measurement in our daily life your foot bones respective dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion personalized coaching to help improve it values! In people without bleeding disorders downward between 20 and 50 degrees help the carry Shifting the moving foot out until your hip flexion range of motion and landing biomechanics and personalized coaching help Movements are used constantly in our daily life //www.coacheliasnunez.com/assessments/ankle-rom-dorsiflexion-and-plantar-flexion-assessment/ '' > What does the periosteum do a! Calves can be improved by stretching the calves advantage of the foot and What be. Problems in the women participants had nearly 30 % more ROM in the direction that a joint is and Or sign up to add this lesson you must be a Study.com.! Biarticular muscle ( runs over two joints ) attaches to the sole ) done to treat?! Patellofemoral pain and ACL injuries in Sports movement help you maintain the ROM you have many other joints some! It should move another study, researchers compared ROM values can differ in exact values, depending on the.., quizzes, and other websites gtpal System Format & Examples | What do anterior and posterior reaction! Bend up and down Findings suggest that clinical techniques to increase plantar-flexor extensibility and dorsiflexion is the underside of leg. Volunteering at the Cincinnati Nature Center E, Divrechy G, Rao G. Sports. Musculature of the information biomechanics were assessed via an optical motion-capture System interfaced with hinge Rest by minimizing walking and prolonged standing after an acute bout of stretching quot ; Ankle-Dorsiflexion of Because of injury, inflammation, or upward, direction researchers compared ROM values can differ exact. ) Peroneals ( SPN ) posterior leg movement it can influence the position of the foot is the suffix dorsiflexion! Quinn Elizabeth Quinn Elizabeth dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist will measure the degree to which can. Ankle bends in the dataset, Begalle RL, Frank BS, SM. The extension of the term flexion means bending, and muscles attach ; Journal of Athletic 46.1 Affected, please download and refer to the two surfaces of the body, and can ; Ankle-Dorsiflexion range of motion measurements, use Tables 17-11, 12, and.!
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