cors exploit hackerone

Contribute to sayaanalam/CORS-EXPLOIT development by creating an account on GitHub. Avalanche Rush Phase 2 Starts NOW on KyberSwap with $1M In Liquidity Mining Rewards! Only to find out t. Now up the python server using the below command. **Description:** Basically, the application was only checking whether "//niche.co" was in the Origin header, that means i can give anything containing that. With this vulnerability, a Credential series can be stolen from the target site or CSRF [3] attacks can be scripted. FIX 2 - It's also possible to create a rewrite rule on .htaccess (if the webserver it's Apache) to redirect any request that contain rest_route (eg. Install NodeJS, create a new directory, and then save inside it the following file: 3. That exactly what we will be discussing in the second case. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . In response ,all those malicious domains get reflected at server side and the catch here is it allows all the methods (GET ,PUT , POST , DELETE ,OPTIONS) as shown in snapshot at line 6. If the applicaiton in vulnerable and everything goes well, the exploit script will sends sensitive information to the attacker server. git clone https://github.com/topavankumarj/CORS-Exploit-Script. First . the exploit code was grabbing the informations such as username, email address,phone number, user role and other sensitive information. This header lets developers further enhance security by specifying what methods are valid when giveme.com requests access to resource. This time, I was working on the Ubnt Program, and especially the Application hosted in: https://protect.ubnt.com/, Following the same process, I identified the same CORS Misconfiguration, similar to the previous case, but this time the application fetches the users private information from a different location, An API hosted in: https://client.amplifi.com/api/user/. So if we set up a domain: evil.com with a wildcard DNS record, allowing to point all the subdomains (*.evil.com) to www.evil.com, which will be hosting a script in a page like: www.evil.com/cors-poc that will simply send a cross-domain request with the subdomain name as the origin value to the vulnerable endpoint, Then somehow we forced an authenticated user to open the link: https://zzzz.ubnt.com=.evil.com/cors-poc. Does it mean that we cant load the resources of another origin without adhering to SOP? If the victim application is vulnerable to CORS exploit, using this exploit script we were able send sensitive imformation to the attacker server. The browser sees the attacker's origin is allowed. First, set up a Domain with a wildcard DNS record pointing it to your box, in my case, I used GoDaddy to host my domain, with the following configuration. (Does this behavior pose a danger to the user?? can be used to access resources. You signed in with another tab or window. It would also be easier for penetration testers to submit a report, and it would allow them to use markdown. cors.html is the exploit code to exploit misconfigured CORS. Now, we know all of this, how can we abuse this issue to perform an Advance CORS Exploitation Technique, for a nice demonstration, lets go back the vulnerable web application on: https://client.amplifi.com/, In this case, the web application also accepts the following Origin *.ubnt.com!.evil.com. So to exploit this CORS Misconfiguration we just need to replace the XSS payload alert(document.domain), with the following code: Now, What if I told you that you can still abuse this issue without the need of finding an XSS in any of the existing subdomains, or claiming an abandoned one. Network Error: ServerParseError: Sorry, something went wrong. Below is the figure that how CORS works. It helps isolate potentially malicious documents, reducing possible attack vectors.. It takes a text file as input which may contain a list of domain names or URLs. The Origin request header indicates where a fetch originates from. british colonial hilton nassau day pass; 16 ybs prop lyft vs velo lyft vs velo The policy is fine . In the past, the XHR L1 API only allowed requests to be sent within the same origin as it was restricted by the Same Origin Policy (SOP). Now, sign in to the application on: https://protect.ubnt.com/, and check that you can retrieve your account information from the endpoint: https://client.amplifi.com/api/user/. My name is Ayoub, Im a security researcher from Morocco. In (Example 1) the bigger problem is response contains Access-control-allow-credentials header set to true . So virtually it would appear that you can attack, but not an exploitable scenario. As per its standard definition The same-origin policy is a critical security mechanism that restricts how a document or script loaded from one origin can interact with a resource from another origin. This means that evil-domain.com can send cookies to secure-bank.com . A collection of write-ups from the best hackers in the world on topics ranging from bug bounties and CTFs to vulnhub machines, hardware challenges and real life encounters. Edit CORS_POC.html and change the victim_URL value and attacker_URL value. https://www.victim.com/api/user?version=show_with_logins. thanks for reading. Summary: An cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) policy controls whether and how content running on other domains can perform two-way interaction with the domain that publishes the policy. Go back to the exploit server and click "Deliver exploit to victim". **Summary:** CORS misconfig is found on niche.co as Access-Control-Allow-Origin is dynamically fetched from client Origin header with **credential true** and **different methods are enabled** as well. It's frequently used by web APIs in particular, but in a modern complex website it can turn up anywhere. CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a W3C definition and technique for requesting limited resources from a domain other than your current one. And, As we discussed before, to abuse this CORS misconfiguration you will need, either claiming an abandoned subdomain, or finding an XSS in one of the existing subdomains. The common exploitation scenarios can be described by the following steps: An attacker sets up a malicious website hosting JavaScript code, which aims to retrieve data from a vulnerable web application. CORS is a method for allowing request permissions to access a certain resource by utilising additional HTTP . A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Well, It turns out, that there is another way, But it requires a certain condition to work. It enables web servers to explicitly allow cross-site access to a certain resource by returning an Access-Control-Allow-Origin (ACAO) header. Showed that its possible to bypass some controls implemented incorrectly using special characters inside the domain name. The web application fails to properly validate the Origin header (check Details section for more information) and returns. Home Files News &[SERVICES_TAB] About Contact Add New. : "^.rest_route=/wp/") to a Not Found (404) or a Default Page. The answer is again NO!!!! In other words, CORS is a method of consuming an API from a source other than your own. https://hackerone.com/sandh0t | Tweet @sandh0t. Login into https://csrf.secure-cookie.io/login. Learn on the go with our new app. insecure configuration for CORS. Perform CORS vulnerability testing on domain.com: Legal Thoughts on Metaverse (II): Data Protection and Privacy |Footprint Analytics, Passing the AWS Certified Security Speciality exam, As highlighted in above image add malicious URL as Origin. now what is origin header? Sr. Security Engineer, Ethical Hacker, Bug Bounty Hunter At HackerOne, Synack Red Team, and BugCrowd. An authenticated user can generate API key using "Generate API key" button. If the site specifies the header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true, third-party. Cross Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a mechanism that enables a web browser to perform cross-domain requests using the XMLHttpRequest (XHR) Level 2 (L2) API in a controlled manner. Lets visit the important headers which tell the browser to give relaxation to its SOP policy or not. here in request headers , I injected a malicious domain in Origin field which is requesting for the resources as shown in the above snapshot I have provided the Burp collaborator link but it can be replaced with any domain as shown in (example 2nd). - CORS with pivot attack In a nutshell, we are the largest InfoSec publication on Medium. Lets chat! Usage git clone https://github.com/topavankumarj/CORS-Exploit-Script Edit CORS_POC.html and change the victim_URL value and attacker_URL value. Work fast with our official CLI. This API endpoint was returning the users private information, like full name, email address, . You can see that I am initiating an XHR-request from my localhost to a website for retrieving its response, SOP comes into action and blocked my Cross-Origin request. CORS stands for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing. Hacker creates a nightmare scenario for a small Florida town, Risk in DeFi (Part 1/3): Procedural hacks and how to avoid them, SolarWinds hackers are back with another cyberattack spree, {UPDATE} Pop Star Candy Blast Mania-Free Magic Crush Game Hack Free Resources Generator, Rakuten.com Coupon Code HP 6300 Pro INTEL Core i3 3400 MHz 500Gig Serial ATA, Excessive Data ExposureWhat you need to know, Access-Control-Allow-Origin specifies which domains can access a domains resources. It's very clear now that attacker just needs to make CSRF poc with his unused Facebook token generated by target application to send the victim, after successful CSRF request attackers social account will get added into victims account and attacker can login into victim account with all privileges using his own (attacker) social account. Finally, this IDOR exploit is quite interesting. Finding an abandoned subdomain is not that trivial, so I decided to go for the second option, finding an XSS in one of the existing subdomains. This Application also blindly whitelist any subdomains, even non-existing ones. ## Description: An HTML5 cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) policy controls whether and how content running on other domains can perform two-way interaction with the domain that publishes the policy. Then What SOP takes care of? To abuse this misconfiguration so we can perform an attack, like leaking users private information, we need either to claim an abandoned subdomain (Subdomain Takeover), or find an XSS in one of the existing subdomains. Summary: Cross Origin Resource Sharing Misconfiguration | Lead to sensitive information. We can exploit this vulnerability using the following JavaScript code imbedded in a page sent to the victim. 2. Therefore, web servers should continue to apply protections over sensitive data, such as authentication and session management, in addition to properly configured CORS It goes from denoting which specific headers (Access-Control-Allow-Headers) and HTTP methods (Access-Control-Allow-Methods) are allowed, the maximum amount of seconds the browser should cache the Preflight request (Access-Control-Max . This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Feel free to follow me on Twitter https://twitter.com/sandh0t. Purchasing an Alienware was the biggest mistake I have ever made! The Problem. cors.html is the exploit code to exploit misconfigured CORS. The above exploit sends the received private key to the attackers website who can gain access to all users sensitive information. 2. 6. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <script> function cors () { WordPress version 5.2.4 fails to validate an origin header. If you send a random domain as value of origin header in request and you get the same domain name as value of the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header in response, it mean you successfully trusted your random domain to get the CORS responses. The SOP comes into action When a website A fires an AJAX(XHR REQUEST) to website B, then SOP comes to play check for necessary parameters before allowing the request to happen. For instance, if giveme, Access-Control-Allow-Credentials specifies whether or not the browser will send session cookies with the request. Im sure that a lot of security researcher had already been in such situation, and you can find lots of report in HackerOne describing this type of CORS misconfiguration, but only a few were able to fully exploited it, due to lack of a PoC in their report. All CORS vulnerabilities come from incorrectly configuring CORS on the server. In this article, I will be describing two different cases of how I was able to exploit a CORS misconfiguration: The first case based on an XSS, and requires thinking outside of the scope, and the second is based on an advanced CORS exploitation technique. Hello fellow Security researchers and beginners , in this blog I will be explaining the CORS vulnerability and how I found a potential vulnerability along techniques and exploit. lets start with Cross Origin Resource Sharing. Our security experts write to make the cyber universe more secure, one vulnerability at a time. Finally, open the link: https://zzzz.ubnt.com=.evil.com/cors-poc In Safari Browser, And Voil. Thanks for reading. WordPress 5.2.4 Cross Origin Resource Sharing. But in this scenario SOP policy of the browser will not allow you to set the ACAC(Access Control Allow credential) flag as True. And, the fact that the other subdomains are out of scope, is the reason that made me more confident, that there is a big chance of finding an XSS on those subdomains since other hackers will not be testing them. Thanks for time!!! Therefore, if some special characters are used, the browser may currently submit requests without previously verifying if the domain name is valid and existent. Share your thought in comments!!!). It is sent with CORS requests, as well as with POST requests. If you ever go a website and there some images you liked to reference in your page or blog. Note: Before You start reading this write-up, you will need to have a basic understanding of what CORS is and how to exploit misconfigurations. However, the scope of this private program is limited to only: www.redacted.com, Which means that finding an XSS in other subdomain is definitely out of the scope, but chaining this XSS with the CORS misconfiguration is somehow in the Scope. executable file 25 lines (24 sloc) 729 Bytes few days before noticed a blog post for exploiting facebook chat and reading all the chats of users so that made me to interested to know about the issues, and basically it was misconfigured cors configuration where null origin is allowed with credentials true, it was not something heard for the 1st time, @albinowax from the portswigger explained 4.XSS in subdomain: Again it is in continuation of point 3, where a wildcard domain is whitelisted for Origin header(e.g *.domain), in this case attacker may look for an XSS in subdomain and chain the same for exploiting. With some background on the different vulnerabilities associated with CORS misconfigurations, let's have a look at the security risks and impacts. i hope you all liked this, geekboy.ninja/blog/exploiting-misconfigured-cors-cross-origin-resource-sharing/. Some misconfigurations allow malicious domains to access the API endpoints, others allow credentials like cookies. The headers marked with YES at the "Used for Preflight HTTP " column play crucial preflight functions.. First lets us discuss major misconfiguration that we notice in CORS. In a nutshell, we are the largest InfoSec publication on Medium. Impact Attacker would treat many victims to visit attacker's website, if victim is logged in, then his personal information is recorded in attacker's server. It doesn't include any path information, but only the server name. You would copy the link, and put in your blog. Since cross-origin request has become a necessity for these days as websites today calls multiple third-party APIs for their functionality. Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) policy controls whether and how content running on other domains can perform two-way interaction with the domain that publishes the policy. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Is a feature offering the possibility for: A web application to expose resources to all or restricted domain, A web client to make AJAX request for resource on other domain than is source domain. No description, website, or topics provided. After playing with the Origin header in the HTTP request, then inspecting server response to check if they do domains whitelist check or not, I noticed that the application is blindly whitelisting only the subdomains, even non-existing ones. Use Git or checkout with SVN using the web URL. The response of the above URL HTTP request was as below-Vulnerable Request response If you look at the screenshot above, you will see the HTTP header "Server".". Steps to Reproduce: Capture the above request in proxy As highlighted in above image add malicious URL as Origin Send the request Cross-site WebSocket hijacking (also known as cross-origin WebSocket hijacking) involves a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability on a WebSocket handshake. If CORS is not implemented properly, the hacker can send a request to the target (for example, APIs) and introduce itself as a valid ORIGIN and access specific target resources. The policy is fine-grained and can apply access controls per-request based on the URL and other. Files News Users Authors. In my case I used the Safari browser in my iPhone as PoC, since I dont have a Mac machine. Thats one of the reasons why I wanted to share my experience. the exploit code is as under. Most browsers will validate the domain names before making any requests. The domain withgoogle.com, is used as a demo, because its has a wildcard DNS record. Step-by-step Reproduction : Send this request: ``` GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: Accept: / Accept-Language: en User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1 . The following three response headers are the most important for security: One of the most common CORS misconfigurations is incorrectly using wildcards such as (*) under which domains are allowed to request resources. Love podcasts or audiobooks? The server here is reflecting the Request origin in the Response access-control-allow-origin . The policy is fine-grained and can apply access controls per-request based on the URL and other features of the request. Hi! In the same directory, save the following: 4. Clickjacking changed the way we have to interact with content from other sites, such as "like" buttons, but could Intersection Observer V2 come to the rescue. Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a technique to punch holes into the Same-Origin Policy (SOP) - on purpose. Session Cookies will only be sent if the, Access-Control-Allow-Methods specifies which HTTP request methods (GET, PUT, DELETE, etc.) In this report I want to describe High level bug which can seriously compromise a user account. And since this is a public program, with big scope (All the subdomains are in scope); there is a tiny chance of finding an XSS, not even mentioning a subdomain takeover vulnerability. Impact Cross Misconfiguration -Leakage Sensitive Information How to be winner in bugbounty? This header allows the attacker to use the victims credentials when sending the request to secure-bank.com , thus retrieving his sensitive information. ## Summary: Cross Origin Resource Sharing Misconfiguration | Lead to sensitive information. Start network monitor in your browser developer tool (I will be using Firefox). One more case which is Exploiting the Cors using XSS!! Therefore it allows the JS to read the response. The policy is fine-grained and can apply access controls per-request based on the URL and other features of. The technique that was used to find this vulnerability was Path Traversal Attack. For instance, if. This way website shares resources from other origins. This CORS misconfiguration looks something like this: GET /api/return HTTP/1.1Host: www.redacted.comOrigin: evil.redacted.comConnection: close, HTTP/1.1 200 OKAccess-control-allow-credentials: true Access-control-allow-origin: evil.redacted.com. (Too Heavy to understand let us see through an example!!!). Does it mean that SOP will take care of CORS security ?? In this article, I will be describing two different cases of how I was able to exploit a CORS misconfiguration: The first case based on an XSS, and requires thinking outside of the scope, and the second is based on an advanced CORS exploitation technique. I will update as soon as my code is up. Want to be a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)? Finally, Always remember, Sometimes you just need to think outside the Box Scope. Right? This is done for security reasons. CORS stands for Cross Origin Resource Sharing. If I am authorize on this site, I can steal user's sessions . so i have replaced the Origin Header's value with my domain's name & path which contains the code to exploit the cors. For privacy reasons and the responsible disclosure policy, lets assume that the web application is hosted in: www.redacted.com. Not just the character ! , but also the following ones: And you should know by now that some browsers, such as Safari, accept URL with special characters, like: https://zzzz.ubnt.com=.evil.com. Description **Description:** Affected website: **https:// /wp-json** ## Impact ## Step-by-step Reproduction : 1. In order for an external API server to work in the presence of CORS, it should include something like this in its . Now up the python server using the below command Vulnerable URL I found this vulnerability in the URL and the parameter as shown in the screenshot above.