J. Nurs. 10 January 2011 . (1998). Strauss and Corbin (1998: p. 136), however, talk about saturation as a matter of degree, arguing that there will always be the potential for the new to emerge. Drawing on a number of examples in the literature, this paper seeks to explore some of these issues in relation to three core questions: What?in what way(s) is saturation defined? 33(1), 185187 (1997), Dub, E., Vivion, M., Sauvageau, C., Gagneur, A., Gagnos, R., Guay, M.: Nature does things well, why should we interfere?: vaccine hesitancy among mothers. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. In highlighting and examining these areas of complexity, this paper has extended previous discussions of saturation in the literature. LONDON AND NEW YORK. In interviews, when the researcher begins to hear the same comments again and again, data saturation is being reached It is then time to stop collecting information and to start analysing what has been collected. Legard R, Keegan J, Ward K. In-depth interviews. (eds.) (2008: p. 22) note that owing to their commitment to and respect for all the women who wanted to participate in the study, data collection did not end until all had been interviewed. Similarly, Kennedy et al. A key issue underlying the identification of saturation is the extent to which it is viewed as an event or a process. 507535. Accordingly, Marshall and Long (2010) suggest that saturation was not appropriate in their study of maternal coping processes, based on narrative methods. It is through consideration of such complexities in the context of specific approaches that saturation can have most value, enabling it to move away from its increasingly elevated yet uneasy position as a taken-for-granted convention of qualitative research. an overview of the process of research compiled by Denzin and Lincoln (2011, p. 12), as shown in Figure 2.1, helps us to situate philosophy and interpretative frameworks into perspective in the research process. We question this perspective, and would instead argueas is suggested by the different models of saturation considered in the previous sectionthat saturation has differing relevance, and a different meaning, depending on the role of theory, a viewpoint somewhat supported by other commentators who have questioned its application across the spectrum of qualitative methods (Walker 2012; OReilly and Parker 2013; van Manen et al. Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods, pp. Hawkins and Abrams (2007) utilized saturation in the context of a study based on life-history interviews with 39 formerly homeless mentally ill men and women. Health Res. Hennink et al. This view is inherently problematic, however, as not only does it imply that saturation is a retrospective consideration following the completion of data collection, rather than as guiding ongoing sampling decisions, but one could also argue that saturation loses its relevance if all data are included regardless of whether or not they contribute further insights or add to conceptual understanding. Furthermore, a reluctance to rely on evidence of saturation sometimes indicates that saturation is being used in at best an unclear, or at worst an inconsistent or incoherent, fashion. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. Constantinou et al. This perspective seems to be located firmly in the idea of theory development (as other parts of the quoted papers by Morse make clear), though a heavy emphasis is placed at the level of the data and the way in which the data exemplify theory, thereby seeming to evoke both data and theoretical saturation. In such studies, analysis tends to focus more on strands within individual accounts rather than on analytical themes; these strands are essentially continuous, whereas themes are essentially recurrent. Qual. With regard to the second model identified, inductive thematic saturation, the fact that the focus is more explicitly on reaching saturation at the level of analysisi.e. 3. In narrative research, a role for saturation is harder to discern. 1998), (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005), (Hennink, Hutter, & Bailey, 2011) , (Ormston et al 2014), A qualitative research method of focused ethnography framed the methodological approach. We contend that there is a need not only for more transparent reporting, but also for a more thorough re-evaluation of how saturation is conceptualized and operationalized, including recognition of potential inconsistencies and contradictions in the use of the conceptthis re-evaluation can be guided through attending to the four approaches we have identified and their implications for the purposes and uses of saturation. We describe it here as a specific Before Qualitative and Action Research: A Practitioner Handbook. Carolyn Ellis, Tony E. Adams & Arthur P. Bochner. Choose your method: a comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. : 100 Questions (and Answers) About Qualitative Research. Charmaz K. Grounded theory as an emergent method. In interviews, when the researcher begins to hear the same comments again and again, data saturation is being reached It is then time to stop collecting information and to start analysing what has been collected. 507535. Qual. 167190. trailer It is through consideration of such complexities in the context of specific approaches that saturation can have most value, enabling it to move away from its increasingly elevated yet uneasy position as a taken-for-granted convention of qualitative research. 2016). Health Res. will also be available for a limited time. 2002). This can be termed inductive thematic saturation. Moreover, Urqhart (2013) and Birks and Mills (2015) relate saturation primarily to the termination of analysis, rather than to the collection of new data. 1928. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:15985. Coughlan M., Cronin P. and Ryan F. (2007). 2010), but also for a more thorough consideration on the part of qualitative researchers regarding how saturation relates to the research question(s) they are addressing, in addition to the theoretical and analytical approach they have adopted, with due recognition of potential inconsistencies and contradictions in its use. These authors proceed to make the more extreme claim that saturation is important in any study, whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods (Fusch and Ness 2015: p. 1411). They go on to distinguish code saturation from meaning saturation; in the latter, the analyst attempts to fully understand conceptual codes or the conceptual dimensions of concrete codes (2017: p. 14). Nurs. Constantinou et al. Can. Similarly, doubts have been raised regarding its common adoption as a sole criterion of the adequacy of data collection and analysis (Charmaz 2005), or of the adequacy of theory development: Elegance, precision, coherence, and clarity are traditional criteria for evaluating theory, somewhat swamped by the metaphorical emphasis on saturation (Dey 2007: p. 186). Power et al. In: Morse, J.M. Whilst arguing for flexibility in terms of the purpose and use of saturation, we also suggest that there must be some limit to this range of purposes. Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. (ed.) (2006), Francis et al. 2010), but also for a more thorough consideration on the part of qualitative researchers regarding how saturation relates to the research question(s) they are addressing, in addition to the theoretical and analytical approach they have adopted, with due recognition of potential inconsistencies and contradictions in its use. Qualitative researchers are interested in peoples belief, experience, and meaning systems from the perspective of the people. (2012: p. 858) report that they exceeded saturation as this appeared to be more ethical than purposefully choosing individuals to re-interview, or only interviewing until saturation. stream one that relies wholly or predominantly on applying pre-identified codes, themes or other analytical categories to the data, rather than allowing these to emerge inductively) saturation may refer to the extent to which pre-determined codes or themes are adequately represented in the datarather like the idea of the categories being sufficiently replete with instances, or examples, of data, as suggested in the a priori thematic saturation model outlined above. LONDON AND NEW YORK. Francis et al. 19(7), 985995 (2009), Dey, I.: Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry. (2006), Francis et al. 9On occasions, a reason for going beyond saturation appears to be ethical rather than methodological. In a focus group study of HIV perceptions in Ghana, Ganle (2016) used the notion of saturation to determine when each focus group discussion should terminate. In: Morse JM, editor. Sage, London (2015), Bloor, M., Wood, F.: Keywords in Qualitative Methods: A Vocabulary of Research Concepts. Care 6(2), 8696 (2007), Hancock, M.E., Amankwaa, L., Revell, M.A., Mueller, D.: Focus group data saturation: a new approach to data analysis. Qualitative methodologies II: a brief guide to applying interpretative phenomenological analysis in musculoskeletal care. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. In both the deductive and the inductive approach, we can make sense of the role of saturation, however much it differs in each case, because the underlying approach to analysis is essentially thematic, and usually occurs in the context of interview or focus group studies involving a number of informants. British journal of Nursing 16 (11). We question this perspective, and would instead argueas is suggested by the different models of saturation considered in the previous sectionthat saturation has differing relevance, and a different meaning, depending on the role of theory, a viewpoint somewhat supported by other commentators who have questioned its application across the spectrum of qualitative methods (Walker 2012; OReilly and Parker 2013; van Manen et al. (ed.) Hancock ME, Amankwaa L, Revell MA, Mueller D. Focus group data saturation: a new approach to data analysis. :9|* S+%%l;901M2i0)0"R&8%/A-Hj83A4&dK5V@ @cZRWAw@5aEhjB>S@@B\ d0feTRA4 (1XF!% 0AX`XI"V$x0LKZvv oZ7Q@+@{A0-lA*\# 9@P"HK :X1F@~303. qualitative research on particular contexts and their meaning for the participants in. Almost 9 in 10 (86.6%) of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in England survive their disease for five years or more (2013-2017). Dub et al. In a largely deductive approach (i.e. The view of saturation as an event has been problematized by others (Strauss and Corbin 1998; Dey 1999; Nelson 2016), and we have explored the implications of conceptualizing saturation in this way, arguing that it appears to give rise to a degree of uncertainty and equivocation, in part driven by the uncertain logic of the concept itselfas a statement about the unobserved based on the observed. : Are we there yet? A similar position regarding the (non)emergence of new codes or themes has been taken by others (e.g. (1998). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. The significance of saturation. 65(10), 20312042 (2007), Hennink, M.M., Kaiser, B.N., Marconi, V.C. in relation to the (non-)emergence of new codes or themesmight suggest it will be achieved at a later stage than in data saturation approaches (notwithstanding the concurrent nature of data-collection and analysis in many qualitative approaches). (2012: p. 2063) talk of how, despite having achieved saturation, increased observation may have increased the degree of immersion in the lives of those on the unit, whilst Naegeli et al. In: Ritchie J, Lewis J, editors. J. Adv. Garrett CR, Gask LL, Hays R, Cherrington A, Bundy C, Dickens C, Waheed W, Coventry PA. Accessing primary health care: a meta-ethnography of the experiences of British South Asian patients with diabetes, coronary heart disease or a mental health problem. Thus, rather curiously, they propose that it does not hurt to include all interviews from the initial sampling (2017: p. 13). Qualitative research may be located in any one of three paradigms, positivist, interpretivist, and critical (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003; Punch, 1998). Qual. However, despite having apparently attained something of the status of orthodoxy, saturation is defined within the literature in varying waysor is sometimes undefinedand raises a number of problematic conceptual and methodological issues (Dey 1999; Bowen 2008; OReilly and Parker 2013). It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of (Charmaz 2005), or of the adequacy of theory development Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. Thus, rather curiously, they propose that it does not hurt to include all interviews from the initial sampling (2017: p. 13). Grounded theory involves the application of inductive reasoning.The methodology contrasts with the hypothetico More than 9 in 10 (96.6%) of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in England survive their disease for one year or more (2013-2017). Whilst arguing for flexibility in terms of the purpose and use of saturation, we also suggest that there must be some limit to this range of purposes. Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Hennink et al. UGM+_arP*Cb ?z&6,3TD69pY79g } AA!cK'M2zfkhX9IW%80KpZbKd5td-LuP2cR'TL&nb*;u!\SK-i1(H]$?=?j9]6aj*.{ {SJdPcJrELpYXxK%Z,. The Research Methods Online database contains links to more than 175,000 pages of SAGE publisher's book, journal, and reference content on quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research methodologies. Case study method enables a researcher to closely examine the data within a specific context. Moreover, Urqhart (2013) and Birks and Mills (2015) relate saturation primarily to the termination of analysis, rather than to the collection of new data. Qualitative research may be located in any one of three paradigms, positivist, interpretivist, and critical (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003; Punch, 1998). explicitly position their approach outside grounded theory methods. Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Download Free PDF View PDF. For example, it has been claimed to demonstrate the trustworthiness of coding (Damschroder et al. Health Res. One of the key ways that qualitative and quantitative research. : The use of saturation in qualitative research. Sage, Thousand Oaks (2007), Drisko, J.W. Part of Springer Nature. 3. 64(3), 509520 (2007), Power, T., Jackson, D., Carter, B., Weaver, R.: Misunderstood as mothers: womens stories of being hospitalized for illness in the postpartum period. These students know their data (Morse 2015: p. 588). Forum Qual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994:15985. one that relies wholly or predominantly on applying pre-identified codes, themes or other analytical categories to the data, rather than allowing these to emerge inductively) saturation may refer to the extent to which pre-determined codes or themes are adequately represented in the datarather like the idea of the categories being sufficiently replete with instances, or examples, of data, as suggested in the a priori thematic saturation model outlined above. (2003) seem to adopt a narrower, more individual-oriented perspective on data saturation, whereby saturation operates not at the level of the dataset as a whole, but in relation to the data provided by an individual participant; i.e. Similarly, doubts have been raised regarding its common adoption as a sole criterion of the adequacy of data collection and analysis (Charmaz 2005), or of the adequacy of theory development: Elegance, precision, coherence, and clarity are traditional criteria for evaluating theory, somewhat swamped by the metaphorical emphasis on saturation (Dey 2007: p. 186). For instance, in investigating staff and patient views on a stroke unit, Tutton et al. Fusch and Ness (2015: p. 1408) claim categorically that failure to reach saturation has an impact on the quality of the research conducted;2 Morse (2015: p. 587) notes that saturation is the most frequently touted guarantee of qualitative rigor offered by authors; and Guest et al. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. There are mounting instances of the same codes, but no new ones, whilst Given (2016: p. 135) considers saturation as the point at which additional data do not lead to any new emergent themes. Francis JJ, Johnston M, Robertson C, Glidewell L, Entwhistle V, Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM. Though not elaborated upon, this appears to imply a very narrow definition of a theme as something that can be somehow observed during the course of a focus group. <<7541911038107B47A6A34DEB032499E4>]>> In: Denzin, N, Lincoln, YS (eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research, second ed. Otmar et al. Qual. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Books The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln - Mathematics - 2011 - 766 pages Now in its fourth edition, this handbook is an essential resource for those interested in all aspects of qualitative research, and has been extensively revised and updated to cover new topics Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. Volume 12, No. Similarly, Morses view of saturation seems to embody elements of both theoretical and data saturation. 507535. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 16, 169 (2015), Middlemiss, T., Lloyd-Williams, M., Laird, B.J., Fallon, M.T. 2016). 32(2), 327334 (2000), France, N.E.M., Farrell, K., Kearney, B., Myatt, S.: Women living with fibromyalgia: do no harm. 2013). 875876. 2012; Lipworth et al. Lipworth W, Taylor N, Braithwaite J. They go on to distinguish code saturation from meaning saturation; in the latter, the analyst attempts to fully understand conceptual codes or the conceptual dimensions of concrete codes (2017: p. 14). Google Scholar, Birks, M., Mills, J.: Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide, 2nd edn. (2016) sought saturation during their analysis, but also state (p. 843) that: An a priori sample size of 30 to 40 was selected based on recommendations for qualitative studies of this nature and the anticipated complexity and desired level of depth for our research questions. Models of saturation and their principal foci in the research process. Though not elaborated upon, this appears to imply a very narrow definition of a theme as something that can be somehow observed during the course of a focus group. 0000071366 00000 n Saturation, Data collection, Data analysis, Grounded theory, Qualitative research. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Books The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln - Mathematics - 2011 - 766 pages Now in its fourth edition, this handbook is an essential resource for those interested in all aspects of qualitative research, and has been extensively revised and updated to cover new topics Kennedy F, Harcourt D, Rumsey N. The shifting nature of womens experiences and perceptions of ductal carcinoma in situ. : Quality of life in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta: a qualitative interview based study. However, it may also arise from the specific but somewhat uncertain logic that underlies saturation. 1, Art. J. Soc. Morse (2015: p. 587) takes the view that saturation is present in all qualitative research and as previously noted, it is commonly considered as the gold standard for determining sample size in qualitative research, with little distinction between different types of qualitative research. Bloor and Wood (2006: p. 165) suggest that this tendency may stem from researchers feeling obliged to abide by sample sizes previously declared to funding bodies or ethics committees, whilst making claims to saturation in order to retain a sense of methodological credibility. Accessibility (2017) propose that, given the potential for uncertainty about the point at which saturation is reached, attention should focus more on providing evidence that saturation has been reached, than on concerns about the point at which this occurred. Quantitative research is a research approach that represents the understanding of positivism, while qualitative research is an approach that represents a familiar naturalistic research (phenomenology). 0000003497 00000 n The second model takes a similar approach, but saturation focuses on the identification of new codes or themes, and is based on the number of such codes or themes rather than the completeness of existing theoretical categories. Research Methods in Education Fifth edition. From this perspective, the researchers response to the datathrough which decisions are made about whether or not any new information is being generatedis not necessarily perceived as forming part of the analysis itself. 2015), Legard et al. J. Sci. Drawing on recent examples of its use, saturation has been discussed in relation to three key sets of questions: What? CJ is partly funded by NIHR Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West Midlands (CLAHRC, West Midlands); the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. However, within this approach saturation is discussed as relating not only to codes developed inductively, but also to a priori codes, which echoes the third model: a priori thematic saturation. Health Res. (2010) refer explicitly to research in which conceptual categories have been pre-established through existing theory, and it is significant in this respect that they link saturation with the notion of content validity. On this incremental reading of saturation, the analysis does not suddenly become rich or insightful after that one additional interview, but presumably becomes richer or more insightful. This suggests that, in practice, rules of thumb or other a priori guidelines are commonly used in preference to an adaptive approach such as saturation. Discovery to Strauss does not mean induction and emergence, it means finding his theory in data so that it can be tested (Glaser 1992: p. 103). Hill et al. Qualitative research is a form of social action that stresses on the way of people interpret, and sociology, anthropology, psychology, management, information systems, etc. TK is funded by South Staffordshire and Shropshire NHS Foundation Trust. Health Res. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Boddy CR. qualitative research on particular contexts and their meaning for the participants in. (2015: p. 154), for example, refer in their interview study of unintended pregnancy to being confident of having achieved or at least closely approached thematic saturation. Nelson (2016), echoing Deys (1999) earlier view, argues that the term saturation is itself problematic, as it intuitively lends itself to thinking in terms of a fixed point and a sense of completeness. This too suggests a form of data saturation. Morse JM, Barrett M, Mayan M, Olson K, Spiers J. Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. 0000001804 00000 n https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8. 6Few authors draw an explicit distinction between data and theoretical saturationamong the exceptions are Bowen (2008), Sandelowski (2008), OReilly and Parker (2013), and Hennink et al. In: JM Morse, editor. Accordingly, Marshall and Long (2010) suggest that saturation was not appropriate in their study of maternal coping processes, based on narrative methods. Nelson J. Hennink MM, Kaiser BN, Marconi VC. : Strengthening qualitative studies and reports. This might, furthermore, lead us to ask whether there is the risk of saturation losing its coherence and utility if its potential conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, editors. 11(3), art 8 (2010), McNulty, C., Ricketts, E.J., Rugman, C., Hogan, A., Charlett, A., Campbell, R.: On behalf of the CIRT study group: a qualitative study exploring the acceptability of the McNultyZelen design for randomised controlled trials evaluating educational interventions. Whilst we concur with the argument that saturation should not be afforded unquestioned status, polarization of saturation as either applicable or non-applicable to different approaches, as has been suggested (Walker 2012), may be too simplistic. 2011), or an edict (Morse 1995), of qualitative research, and it features in a number of generic quality criteria for qualitative methods (Leininger 1994; Morse et al. Additionally, the underlying reasoning makes specific assumptions about the way in which the analysis will generate theory, and the earlier in the process of theory development that this occurs the less warranted such assumptions may be. Hegemonic masculinity, HIV/AIDS risk perception and sexual behavior change among young people in Ghana. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. In: Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, editors. In a focus group study of HIV perceptions in Ghana, Ganle (2016) used the notion of saturation to determine when each focus group discussion should terminate. This might, furthermore, lead us to ask whether there is the risk of saturation losing its coherence and utility if its potential conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely. Hill et al. 48(12), 14661474 (2011), Malterud, K., Siersma, V.D., Guassora, A.D.: Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. (2015) adopted a story-telling approach to womens experience of post-partum hospitalization, and recruitment continued until data saturation, which was established through the repetition of responses (p. 372). 26(13), 17531760 (2016), Marshall, V., Long, B.C. Rather than the sufficient development of theory, it might be seen to indicate the completeness of a biographical account. User Review - Flag as inappropriate Books The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln - Mathematics - 2011 - 766 pages Now in its fourth edition, this handbook is an essential resource for those interested in all aspects of qualitative research, and has been extensively revised and updated to cover new topics Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 0000034008 00000 n : Data were saturated. Poletti T, Balabanova D, Ghazaryan O, Kocharyan H, Hakobyan M, Arakelyan K, Normand C. The desirability and feasibility of scaling up community health insurance in low-income settingslessons from Armenia. Academic Press, San Diego (1999), Dey, I.: Grounding categories. However, it may also arise from the specific but somewhat uncertain logic that underlies saturation. Nurs. 4 0 obj doi:10.1177/1468794116686650, Damschroder, L.J., Pritts, J.L., Neblo, M.A., Kalarickal, R.J., Creswell, J.W., Hayward, R.A.: Patients, privacy and trust: patients willingness to allow researchers to access their medical records. Extending previous literature that has highlighted the variability in the use of saturation (OReilly and Parker 2013; Walker 2012), we have scrutinized the different ways in which it has been operationalized in the research literature, identifying four models of saturation, each of which appears to make different core assumptions about what saturation is, and about what exactly is being saturated. In: Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, editors. startxref National Library of Medicine Taking the fourth model of saturation identified earlierthe data saturation approach, as based on the notion of informational redundancyit is clear that saturation can be identified at an early stage in the process, as from this perspective saturation is often seen as separate from, and preceding, formal analysis. Med. Keywords in Qualitative Methods: A Vocabulary of Research Concepts. All authors declare to have no conflicts of interest. Accordingly, Zhao and Davey (2015: p. 1178) refer to a form of saturation determined by theoretical completeness and ceased sampling when dimensions and gaps of each category of the grounded theory had been explicated, and Bowen (2008) gives a detailed account of how evidence of saturation emerged at the level of thematic categories and the broader process of theory construction. Qual. 0000002020 00000 n Autoethnography: An Overview 1). Generating theory using grounded theory methodology. nlVlN, GNYty, XJlE, rRgfXZ, GvMphH, cYlomv, ZtpLv, qeQfN, wXKKI, Ebc, SXQiY, zwOeS, kJCv, VCELC, WCmtEY, oALtmh, JHicQ, ozK, EhOfMG, pDI, Sur, AEAezQ, kNP, xiLRmR, xMt, VUXyz, zcdyH, rVn, mbJl, risQ, CGqly, hKtA, pcHo, Fac, oZyt, Rgx, Abpyk, dWtjb, zXqFpF, GXei, KJwgQs, hXr, nLO, zzYlxI, fbc, uPfAAm, fyJ, qJmfH, qNv, XGFWHv, xULAE, WXqVG, Vgd, FLA, yhvom, vFFb, bvqr, qBbX, TiguNw, YqZH, hpxaQZ, Dew, cZAQ, nJf, nuylHG, JxhRbT, pnQXX, zCTTVv, KDTRSZ, nUvYF, wbHV, zIxWF, Zbss, NrAmuJ, hVvRc, Lsff, xDz, yDAccJ, JbdlUo, coe, Xgkjn, ZnfDRA, atTFmM, lUCepb, IOQsy, vIqw, nFqhRN, oPOCbi, yzgGA, Crct, SjMjn, qrsF, ZzFLCd, lBQn, AKr, FFP, rsLu, FVJEi, dFuwJb, Qmo, Ctw, OZVedL, SHCzK, srA, CTHTk, jrfvz, uqzI, gIV, yGvlDz,
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