gonad/ec/tom/iz/e to cut out the gonads 6.1 1. nasoplasty = rhinoplasty 5. epiglottiditic = epiglottitic 2. pulmonorrheic = pulmorrheic, pneumorrheic, pneumonorrheic 6. rhinopharyngostenotic = nasopharyngostenotic 3. bronchoplegia = bronchiplegia 7. diaphragmoclasis = diaphragmatoclasis, phrenoclasis 4. spirometric = pneometric Answer Keys: 6.3 203 6.2 1. one with a disease of the larynx = laryngopath 2. p.t. . a disease of the (small) intestine Answer Keys: 11.5 229 5. colitis lymphocytica = the inflammation of the colon, p.t. the skin 8. tractus somaticus = a tract p.t. postencephalitic________________________________________________________________ 21b. the skull 4. vas-a urin-ar-i-a the vessels p.t. . . the kidney bladder 11b. 2022 MedicalBillingAndCoding.org, a Red Ventures Company |, Everything you need to get started in Medical Billing & Coding, Learn Medical Terminology and Human Anatomy. . . 2-10 and 1.86, which terminate in -us (like the nouns) and -is. 62 Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System The following Latin phrases, exhibiting masculine nouns and adjectives in the nominative singular, are occasionally used in English. suprahepatic____________________________________________________________________ 4a. A small sample of blood on a microscope slide. If lacrimectomy is the cutting out of the lacrimal bone, then the cutting out of the temporal bone is temporectomy. the ribs and xiphoid process 23b. . the formation of blood 1b. . ex/o/path/y a disease of something outside something 19c. ulnoradial ______________________________________________________________________ 11b. pne/umon/o/cirrh/os/is the hardening of the lungs 12a. . Always divide each word carefully into meaningful parts before translating it, and when you have made a translation, then give it a reality check before you commit to it. an abnormal condition involving something inside the veins is ___________________ 10. x-orrhea (37) will mean the flowing of x where x represents a substance which can flow; if not, the form will mean the flowing of something from x. x-orrhagia (30) and x-o-cele (39) are analyzed similarly. . 1. ophthalmencephalon______________________________________________ 2. myelencephalon___________________________________________________ 136 Chapter 7: Oral-Dental Systems 3. trichocranium_____________________________________________________ 4. cephalomusculus__________________________________________________ 5. brachionervus_____________________________________________________ 6. neurobrachium____________________________________________________ 7. thoracomusculus__________________________________________________ 8. myringomalleus___________________________________________________ 9. malleomyrinx______________________________________________________ 10. sternothorax_______________________________________________________ ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. ophthalm-encephal-on the part of the brain involving the eye (not the brain of the eye) 2. myel-encephal-on the part of the brain involving the spinal cord 3. tricho-crani-um the part of the skull involving hair (not the skull of the hair) 4. cephalo-muscul-us a muscle of the head 5. brachio-nerv-us a nerve of the arm 6. neuro-brachi-um the part of the arm involving nerves (not the arm of a nerve) 7. thoraco-muscul-us a muscle of the chest Chapter 7: Oral-Dental Systems 137 8. myringo-malle-us the part of the hammer involving the tympanic membrane 9. malleo-myrinx the part of the tympanic membrane involving the hammer 10. sterno-thorax the part of the chest involving the sternum (not the chest of the sternum) Note that your success in translating the last two words above depends upon your recognizing that the terminal letter x is a kind of shorthand for the nominative singular ending -s (see the Note in Chapter 2). pelv/i/femor/al p.t. pan/creat/ic p.t. splen/o/pt/os/is the downward displacement of the spleen 19c. vertebrosacral___________________________________________________________________ 21a. acid/o/phil/ic having an affinity for acid 33b. a bone 10a. In fact the translation is the protrusion of something, involving blood. Two formulas should be learned, which are applicable where S is a substance. Remember that the phrase pertaining to, as a translation for adjectival endings, is very vague and is only used when a more specific adjectival phrase is not consistently implied by a particular termination. the lower 9. sutura squamomastoidea = the suture jaw between the mastoid process and the squamous part of the temporal bone 5. ligamentum stylomandibulare = the ligament p.t. porphyr/in/o/path/y a disease of something involving porphyrin 236 Answer Keys: 12.5 52b. . . the inflammation of the kidney d. the inflammation of the kidney, (that is) poisonous to the kidney e. the poisoning of the kidneys, leading to the inflammation of the kidney 82. intraencephalocentetic a. p.t. TERMINATIONS WITH TWO TRANSLATIONS: THE FLOWING OF EYES? You dont need to worry about this, but bone of the skull in the NA is os crani-i, while (as you know already) skull-ish bone (= bone p.t. adip/os/is cerebr/al/is an abnormal condition involving fat, p.t. mentolabial_____________________________________________________________________ 5b. . 14. the rapid flowing of blood 5.6 1a. excessive breathing 6b. vitr(e)/ec/tom/y the cutting out of something resembling glass 68b. This is because medical authors base their books upon the definitions of words found in standard medical dictionaries, but fail to look beyond those definitions. APPARENTLY IRREGULAR INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS A very few Latin nouns used in Medical Terminology and ending in -us are formed by adding the nominative ending -s to a stem ending in -u; the Latin plural of such nouns is indistinguishable from the singular, and therefore, in the case of sinus (3 above), the Anglicized plural sinuses (formed on the analogy of 24 above) is frequently used. the ovaries and uterine tubes 39b. . fib/ul/ar p.t. . 19. omphalicotherapy_________________________________________________ (From here on, also concentrate on giving your translation a reality check.) 20. omphalotherapy___________________________________________________ 21. umbilicotherapy___________________________________________________ 22. umbilicalotherapy_________________________________________________ 23. dermoidectomy____________________________________________________ 24. cranialectomy_____________________________________________________ 25. craniectomy_______________________________________________________ 26. rhinonecrosis______________________________________________________ Chapter 5: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems; Glands 101 27. anthropophagy____________________________________________________ 28. cytostatic__________________________________________________________ 29. ophthalmograph___________________________________________________ 30. otosclerotic________________________________________________________ 31. dactylography_____________________________________________________ 32. onychophagist_____________________________________________________ 33. mammogen________________________________________________________ 34. encephaloclastic___________________________________________________ 35. tarsotarsal_________________________________________________________ 36. cephalocephaloclasis_______________________________________________ 37. oculo-oculitis______________________________________________________ 38. galactoschisis (galact = milk)________________________________________ ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. cephal-otomy the cutting of the head 2. cephal-ic p.t. phlebolith______________________________________________________________________ 17b. . the excessive flowing of something from a kidney 5. hypo-cardi-ac below the heart not insufficient heart probably not p.t. bilin ___________________________________________________________________________ 39b. cubitalis _______________________________________________________________________ 11a. cirs/ophthalm/ia an abnormal means of secretions condition involving the eye, involving a 27c. dacryocystocele ________________________________________________________________ 34c. . . . 213 8. mastoidoplasty____________________________________________________ 9. mastozygomatic___________________________________________________ 10. zygomatoidal______________________________________________________ 11. sphenicectopia_____________________________________________________ 12. zygomaticoptosis__________________________________________________ 13. vena labiognathosa________________________________________________ 14. petrososclerosis___________________________________________________ 15. uvulectasia________________________________________________________ 16. lingula pulmonaria_________________________________________________ ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. odont-in-otrop-ic preferentially affecting a substance of the teeth 2. dentino-lys-is (diagnostic) the disintegration of dentin 3. adamanto-dystroph-ic p.t. x-emia 149 CHAPTER 9: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM . 100 B.C. antrum tympanicum______________________________________________________________ 6a. thiopectic______________________________________________________________________ 66a. NETTERS ATLAS OF HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY PDF FREE DOWNLOAD: Lippincott Physiology PDF Download LINK [2020 Edition]: Anatomy and Physiology Textbook PDF Free Download:2021. lippincott Biochemistry 7TH EDITION PDF DOWNLOAD LINK: BRS Biochemistry PDF 7th Edition Free DOWNLOAD:2021, Critical Care Nursing: Diagnosis and Management PDF 8th Edition [Direct Link] - Medical Students Corner, Daviss Drug Guide For Nurses PDF 17th Edition Free Download:2022. pneumohemothorax a collection of blood and air in the chest pneumorachicentesis the surgical puncturing of the spine, involving air pneumopleuritis the inflammation of the pleura and lungs pneumoarthrosis an abnormal condition involving the joints, involving air pneumotropic preferentially affecting the lungs pneumocardial pertaining to the heart and lungs You will have noticed that plurals instead of singulars are regularly used to denote some parts of the body. canthal ________________________________________________________________________ 30b. 1. nerv-i crani-al-es___________________________________________________ 2. arteri-ae crani-al-es________________________________________________ 3. vas-a crani-al-ia____________________________________________________ 4. vas-a urin-ar-i-a___________________________________________________ 5. arteri-ae urin-ar-i-ae_______________________________________________ 6. nerv-i urin-ar-i-i___________________________________________________ 7. vasa thorac-ic-a____________________________________________________ 8. nerv-i thorac-ic-i___________________________________________________ 9. arteri-ae thorac-ic-ae_______________________________________________ 10. arteri-ae brachi-al-es_______________________________________________ 11. nerv-i brachi-al-es_________________________________________________ 12. vas-a brachi-al-ia thorac-ic-a_______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chapter 11: Psychological Terms 203 13. arteri-ae brachi-al-es thorac-ic-ae___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 14. nerv-i brachi-al-es thorac-ic-i_______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 15. arteri-ae brachio-thorac-ic-ae______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 16. nerv-i brachio-thorac-ic-i___________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 17. arteri-ae thoraco-brachi-al-es______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ANSWERS: TRANSLATIONS OF PLURAL LATIN PHRASES 1. nerv-i crani-al-es the nerves p.t. the abnormal presence of blood in the eye or p.t. . something inside a kidney 10. paracolonic inflammation inflammation beside the colon or inflammation p.t. nyctophilia_____________________________________________________________________ 21a. . 1. . (26-29; and review) Finally we got a sixth Martian, and for unknown reasons, this one did not explode, exactly. . Groups of people, originally speaking the same language, will if they live separately over a few generations be unable to understand each other. splen/em/ia the abnormal presence of blood in the spleen 25b. The following example should make this clear. As mentioned, most terminations are given in Chapter 1; a few more, less frequently occurring, are presented in various later chapters. humer/al p.t. 1. hematosis_________________________________________________________ 2. hemia_____________________________________________________________ 3. hemiasis___________________________________________________________ 4. opticemia_________________________________________________________ 150 Chapter 8: Bones Of The Head 5. dacryocysthemic___________________________________________________ 6. lacrimemia________________________________________________________ 7. iridemia___________________________________________________________ 8. encephalemic______________________________________________________ 9. plasmatemia_______________________________________________________ 10. thrombocythemic__________________________________________________ 11. hematinemia______________________________________________________ 12. hematocythemia___________________________________________________ 13. thyroidemic_______________________________________________________ 14. pinealemia________________________________________________________ 15. optemic___________________________________________________________ ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. hemat-osis an abnormal condition involving blood 2. hem-ia an abnormal condition involving blood 3. hem-iasis the abnormal presence of blood 4. optic-emia the abnormal presence of blood in the eye not an abnormal condition involving blood and the eye Chapter 8: Bones Of The Head 151 5. dacryocyst-hem-ic p.t. ex/enter/it/is the inflammation of something outside the intestine 11c. faci/o/cervic/al p.t. the nerves b. p.t. cheir-arthr-itis the inflammation of the joints of the hand gon-arthr-osis an abnormal condition involving the joint of the knee COALESCENCE If asked to generate a medical word for an instrument for cutting the body, you would generate either somat-o-tom-e or (less probably) som-o-tom-e. In fact, the term is somatome. This is because the similar-sounding -at-o and -o-to have phonetically coalesced, as the following diagram shows. hymen/o/tom/y the cutting of the hymen 228 Answer Keys: 11.1 11.1 1. urogenic = urinogenic, uronogenic 6. scrotoptosis = oscheoptosis 2. renopath = nephropath 7. psychotic = phrenotic 3. pyelorrhagia = pelvorrhagia 8. oneiromania = oneirophilia 4. cystitic = cystiditic, vesicitic 9. narcophilic = narcomanic 5. semenotherapy = seminotherapy, spermatotherapy, spermotherapy 10. pharmacomaniac = pharmacophiliac 11.2 1. preferentially affecting the mind = psychotropic; phrenotropic 6. p.t. In so doing I have also sometimes quietly corrected inconsistencies of definition found in Dorlands, inconsistencies which I believe to have arisen from misapprehension of subtle distinctions in meaning. cecosigmoidostomy_____________________________________________________________ 26b. bone and involving the nerves c. p.t. 11. thoracometry___________________________________________________________________ 25b. If subrenostomy is the making of an 2. mast/oid/e/o/cent/es/is the surgical puncturing of the mastoid process 10c. . mucoenteritis___________________________________________________________________ 14c. karyostasis______________________________________________________________________ 9c. the abnormal presence of excessive oxygen b. an abnormal condition involving insufficient oxygen, poisonous to the tissue c. poisoned tissues, involving insufficient oxygen d. the abnormal presence of insufficient oxygen, p.t. . trich/o/megal/y the enlargement of hairs 10b. . ul/o/trips/is the rubbing of the gums 30b. an abnormal condition involving blood in the spleen c. p.t. acrophobia (2.7) heights agorophobia (agora) marketplace agromania (agriculture) fields; open places aichmophobia (acme) sharp points agorophilia ailurophobia cats ailurophilia algolagnia (1.26) pain algophobia amathophobia bibliomania dust (bible) books callomania (callisthenics) beauty claustrophobia (close) being closed in (coitus) sexual intercourse bibliotherapy claustrophilia coitophobia demonophobia demons Chapter 11: Psychological Terms 191 ergomaniac (energy) ether (as stimulant) etheromania herpetophobia work (serpent) kleptolagnia creeping things stealing kleptomania kleptomaniac mysophobia filth mysophobiac mysophilia myth mythomania mythophobia nostomania (nostalgia) being nude nudophobia nymphomania home (10.50) being a bride ochlophobia crowds opsomania dainty foods opsomaniac parthenophobia (Parthenon) virgins peccatiphobia (impeccable) sinning pedophilia (pedagogy) children 192 Chapter 11: Psychological Terms peladophobia scopophilia baldness (x-o-scopy) seeing (voyeurism) scopophobia being seen scotophilia darkness scotophobia sitomania food sophomania (sophisticated) (ones own) wisdom toxicomania (toxic) poison (2.10) pulling out ones hair toxicomaniac toxicophobia trichotillomania xenophobia zoophilia zoophobia strangers (zoology) animals Chapter 11: Psychological Terms 193 Part C.FURTHER NOTES & EXERCISES: REVIEWING CHAPTERS 1-11 NOMINA ANATOMICA: ANATOMIC NAME, OR NOMEN ANATOMICUM? (For the form of derma, transliterating the original Greek ending, see the Notes in Chapter 4.) or formed by the pulpal and mesial walls of a tooth cavity 38a. pan/creat/in a substance of the pancreas 21c. (Note that fixation has a meaning in chemistry different from the one it has in surgery.) py/en/cephal/us a collection of pus in the brain 26b. the measurement of something in front of the cornea c. p.t. . 3 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 54 Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System cranium (skull) clavicle (collar bone) coracoid process acromion scapula (shoulder blade) humerus xiphoid process elbow sacrum ulna radius carpus (wrist) sternum rib spine vertebra ilium pelvis ischium (hip) pubis phalanges femur patella (knee cap) acetabulum coccyx tibia fibula tarsus talus calcaneus Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System 55 Part A. . . But words do have power, and always have had. . This may seem self-evident but it can be surprisingly difficult to keep straight when you come to translate NA phrases. . omentosplenopexy (therapeutic)__________________________________________________ 14b. . . Some of the elements in compound suffixes may themselves be primary suffixes. appendices epiploicae___________________________________________________________ 29a. bucc/o/gingiv/al p.t. the epiglottis 2a. . 2(a +b) = 2(b+a) = 2a + 2b For example, 2(3+4) = 2(4+3) = 2x4 + 2x3 = 8+6 = 14 = 2x7 = 2(3+4) To put this another way, in a truly correlative word, the termination applies equally to both combining forms, as if they were the numbers within brackets in the formula above. . pneumohemopericardium_______________________________________________________ 20e. chyl/o/poi/et/ic p.t. the fixation of the pupil, then p.t. cardi/o/cirrh/os/is the hardening of the heart 12b. 4. fibrillogenesis___________________________________________________________________ 12a. If myelapheresis is the removal of bone marrow, then the removal of hemoglobin is ____________________________________________________ 12. 6. Another large group of nouns denote tangible, physical objects, many of which are not naturally found in the body. om/arthr/it/is the inflammation of the of the eye joint of the shoulder 12b. insulinopenic___________________________________________________________________ 39b. . In Medical Terminology there is only one frequently used verb-ending. . nerv/us ili/o/hypo/gastr/ic/us a nerve below the stomach, involving the ilium 5a. . hem/o/glob/in/o/lys/is the 1d. something against the abnormal presence in the blood of excessive sugar 7. post-men-orrhe-ic after the flowing of the menses 8. inter-mamm-ary (located) between the breasts probably not p.t. the viscera Answer Keys: 9.6 219 5. phlebitis enterocolica lymphocytica = the 7. sinusitis maxillaris = the inflammation of inflammation of a vein, p.t. . . the rapid flowing of blood 6. meningitis lymphocytica = the inflammation of the meninges, p.t. . . A. Notes . 383 INDEX 3: COMPLEX WORDS AND PHRASES DEFINED IN THIS BOOK . . genian__________________________________________________________________________ 4b. fibrinophilic____________________________________________________________________ 53a. . the swelling of something, involving mucus 15b. . cleidocostal______________________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 3 39 5b. sphen/o/trib/e an instrument for crushing or rubbing the sphenoid bone 10b. . . Following its use in 1992 in a class of about six hundred students, whose enthusiastic response to my invitation to point out errors was both overwhelming and humbling, it was extensively revised once again. . lip/ur/ic p.t. ect/ent/al inside and outside 21a. arsen/ias/is the abnormal presence of arsenic 64a. Three Appendices follow the last chapter. mammogen____________________________________________________________________ 28b. membrana ossea_________________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 4 53 4d. (1-10) Unfortunately, the first Martian with whom we came into contact immediately exploded. syn/desm/o/rrhaph/y the suturing of a ligament 3.7 1. cephal/o/pelv/ic p.t. Coordination 40 iii. . the chest b. the vessels of the chest p.t. 10. cervicothoracic_________________________________________________________________ 18a. the flowing of something from the ear b. pain in the spinal cord, p.t. Disjunction between Greek and Latin roots two thousand years old, on the one hand, and contemporary English, on the other, leads to a further problem. parotin_________________________________________________________________________ 34a. drdemore. jejunojejunostomy (two definitions)_______________________________________________ 24a. the chest, involving the neck 182 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems LATIN PHRASES DENOTING BODY PARTS (NOMINA ANATOMICA) 4. ven-ae thorac-o-cervic-ales the veins p.t. arthr/o/stom/y the making of an opening in a joint 2a. 10. somat-otroph-ic-ist one who specializes in somatotrophics (level 1) somatotroph-ics = the science of somatotrophy (level 2) somat-otroph-y = the growth/nourishment of the body (level 3) By putting this all together, you reach the correct answer. . calcipyelitis_____________________________________________________________________ 60a. . . Inconsistency of translation can almost always be avoided, if necessary by the addition of words. the making of an opening in something below the cerebellum is subcerebellostomic. chol/e/ster/o/hydr/o/thorax a collection of fluid and cholesterol in the chest 24b. lymphat/ic cap/ill/ar/y a capillary p.t. . ant/i/sial/ic against saliva Appendix SAMPLE EXAMS 242 Appendix: Sample Exams SAMPLE EXAM MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. hydroectatometer a. an instrument for measuring the displacement of water b. the measurement of the displacement of water c. an instrument for measuring the distention of something involving water d. the measurement of the distention of something involving water e. an instrument for measuring the displacement of something involving water 2. peritransthoracal a. something beside something through the chest b. surrounding something through the chest c. surrounding and through the chest d. something surrounding something through the chest e. beside something surrounding the chest 3. laparohalocinesis a. the movement of salt, involving the abdominal wall b. the movement of salt, involving the abdomen c. an abnormal condition involving the movement of salt in the abdomen d. an abnormal condition involving the movement of salt in the abdominal wall e. the movement of salt in the abdomen 4. gnathoclastiastic a. p.t. Upon the surviving Martian and their child (if only that were the right word) we performed blurgaloscopies and blurgotometries and even blurgonecrotographies. . col/itid/es several conditions involving pharynx the inflammation of the colon 34a. rach/i/schis/is the splitting of the spine 16c. sympathize to have or give or offer sympathy finalize to make (something) final x-ist (12), where x represents a verbal idea (biologist), will mean one who (does the action of ) x; where x represents a substantive idea (dentist) it will mean one who specializes in x. Literal translations of the example words follow. 11. Sometimes this extra letter is so consistently found with a particular combining form as to be best treated as part of it. . . subhyostomy or subhyoidostomy. . mel/alg/ia pain in a limb 9b. . gnathostomatics_________________________________________________________________ 2a.
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